A staff writer for All Thats Interesting, Marco Margaritoff has also published work at outlets including People, VICE, and Complex, covering everything from film to finance to technology. With the annihilation of the Khwarizm Dynasty, Genghis Khan once again turned his attention east to China. The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies and drive them before him. His strategies as a conqueror were so effective that he sacked most of Asia by 1206 A.D. and he fathered large numbers of children wherever he went. Wikimedia CommonsGenghis Khan had at least six wives and countless concubines. Born in north central Mongolia around 1162, Genghis Khan was originally named "Temujin" after a Tatar chieftain that his father, Yesukhei, had captured. and Barbara Bushs Amazing Love Story. The historically documented events accompanying the establishment of the Mongol empire would have contributed directly to the spread of this lineage, the authors wrote. No living thing was spared, including small domestic animals and livestock. With an unquenchable bloodlust and thirst for territory, Genghis Khan expanded his Mongol Empire from the Pacific Ocean to the Danube River throughout the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Not only did Brte rule over her own territory, but the Khan also realized the superior leadership abilities of their daughters and gave them strategic locations throughout the vast empire to govern over. But the Merkit people, a tribe living in northern Mongolia, bore Temjin a grudge, because Yesgei had stolen his own wife, Heln, from one of their men, and in their turn they ravished Temjins wife Brte. Ardi Barlas - was the first son of Semsochule, 17. Genghis Khan had at least six wives and countless concubines. It is believed that he had around four to six wives and over twenty children. How can one withdraw? H is empire lasted a century and a half and eventually covered nearly a quarter of the earth's surface. $28. Fact No 10 Did Genghis Khan conquer India? Published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols found that 0.5 percent of the worlds male population were Khans genetic descendants and that 8 percent of men living in his former territory had identical Y-chromosomes. Almost all writers, even those who were in the Mongol service, have dwelt on the enormous destruction wrought by the Mongol invasions. After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of central Asia and China. Yet, "Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire" points out that none of these queens and princesses had children with Genghis who made it into the historical records, no matter how close they were to him. Even in death, he wanted to remain humble. His father actually kidnapped his mother from a warring tribe and sired Genghis to consolidate his own power in the region. Inside The Troubled Marriage Of Johnny Cash And Vivian Liberto, The Story Of The 'Lonely Hearts Killers,' The Murderous Couple Who Preyed On Lonely Women, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch, Heather Charles/ Chicago Tribune/TNS/Getty Images. Those who weren't immediately slaughtered were driven in front of the Mongol army, serving as human shields when the Mongols took the next city. Kublai (also spelled Kubla or Khubilai) relegated his Chinese subjects read more, The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. They have a long oral tradition that says theyre his direct descendants.. Its the first documented case when human culture has caused a single genetic lineage to increase to such an enormous extent in just a few hundred years.. He had had the foresight to rekindle this friendship by presenting Toghril with a sable skin, which he himself had received as a bridal gift. When the Jin ruler subsequently moved his court south to the city of Kaifeng, Genghis Khan took this as a breach of their agreement and, with the help of Jin deserters, sacked Zhongdu to the ground. It is certain that much of the world's formation today would . Around 1162, Genghis Khan was born with the first name Temujin; he had to earn the name Genghis Khan. Given what is known about the Khan's recorded consorts and children, it is very likely that his progeny did not exceed one or two per concubine, per"Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire." Mongol armies eventually invaded Persia, the Song Dynasty in southern China, and the Balkans. But there's another answer to this question. During his reign, he managed to unite the many Mongol tribes along with numerous Turkic tribes as well. How did the Mongols rule China? Todoi - was the seventh son of Khabul Khan, 19. Hutugtu Monhor - was the third son of Khabul Khan, 20. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Among other things, he was able to claim the wife to whom Yesgei had betrothed him just before his death. If discord steals in among you all will most assuredly be lost. Istvn Vsry 2009, p.383: The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde, Istvn Vsry, 2009, p.383: The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Yuan and Northern Yuan dynasties emperor's family tree, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_tree_of_Genghis_Khan&oldid=1142229743, 1. While spiritual inspiration motivated his armies, the Mongols were probably driven as much by environmental circumstances. Upon hearing of his father's death, Temujin returned home to claim his position as clan chief. His final resting place remains unknown. Genghis Khan children are officially composed of four sons, with Jochi and Ogedei being the more important ones. Hadan - was the sixth son of Khabul Khan, 20. His descendants expanded the empire even further, advancing to such far-off places as Poland, Vietnam, Syria and Korea. This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present. Genghis Khan, was one of the most fierce and ruthless historical figures in history, who acquired many titles. Often Genghis Khan took pleasure in sleeping with wives and daughters of the enemy chiefs. Camps were a hub of activity, where warriors, helpers, family, animals, and leaders would all convene, finding solace from the grind of travels. The largest families that I have met had 16-17, and these women were popping . Only his first four sons with Brte were ever formally recognized, after all. At 20, he began building a large army with the intent. Believing that current Communist leaders were taking the party, and China itself, in the wrong direction, Mao called on the read more, In October 1934, during a civil war, embattled Chinese Communists broke through Nationalist enemy lines and began an epic flight from their encircled headquarters in southwest China. We have identified a Y-chromosomal lineage with several unusual factors, the study said. Bat Tsagan - was the son of Borte Chino and Gua Maral, 3. Nor is it true, as some have supposed, that these campaigns were somehow brought about by a progressive desiccation of Inner Asia that compelled the nomads to look for new pastures. Every soldier was fully equipped with a bow, arrows, a shield, a dagger and a lasso. If you insult the mother who gave you your life from her heart, if you cause her love for you to freeze up, even if you apologize to her later, the damage is done. By direct line, I mean that they carry Y chromosomes which seem to have come down from an individual who lived approximately 1,000 years ago. Religious tolerance was practiced in the Mongol Empire, but to defy the Great Khan was equal to defying the will of God. The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they read more, In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of peopleincluding both soldiers and civiliansin the Chinese city of Nanjing (or Nanking). He slaughtered 1,748,000 people in Nishapur, Iran to take revenge for the death of his favorite son-in-law. Alexander was born in the westside (Europe) while Genghis was born in eastside (Asia). In addition to Brte, Genghis Khan is thought to have had several other wives, including Khulan, the daughter of a tribal chief; Ibaqa Beki, Juerbiesu, Moge Khatun, Yesui, and Yesugen. There are only two other sons named in the accounts Orchan, the son of a Tatar concubine, and Jrchedei, the son of a Naiman concubine. His campaigns were merely larger in scale, more successful, and more lasting in effect than those of other leaders. - SJuan76. Ohinbarhag - was the first son of Khabul Khan, 21. Cavalrymen carried a small sword, javelins, body armor, a battle-ax or mace, and a lance with a hook to pull enemies off of their horses. The exact number of children produced by the Mongol warrior is. On another occasion horse thieves came and stole eight of the nine horses that the small family owned. Hulagu expanded the southwestern part of the Mongol Empire to a great extent. Corrections? The answers are as astounding as they are murky. However, other historians suggest the name could come from . Large drums sounded commands to charge, and further orders were conveyed with flag signals. In 1219, Genghis Khan personally took control of planning and executing a three-prong attack of 200,000 Mongol soldiers against the Khwarizm Dynasty. Genghis Khan's death has been the subject of scholarly debate for nearly 800 years. Genghis wasnt his real name. The sultan then murdered some of Genghis Khans ambassadors. Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in 13th-century China. How many grandchildren did genghis khan have? This means Genghis Khan likely only recognized his four sons by his first wife as actual sons. . His family life has been an interesting topic for his biographers. [3] The Qing Emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule. The empire was governed by a legal code known as Yassa. Despite once again being outnumbered, the Mongol horde swept through one Khwarezm city after another, including Bukhara, Samarkand and Urgench. Genghis Khan was a personally modest man. No way he was as barbaric as we are in this country in what we're doing . In 1219 Genghis Khan went to war against the Khwarezm Empire in present-day Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Iran. Because they could maneuver a galloping horse using only their legs, their hands were free to shoot arrows. Genghis Khan died in 1227, soon after the submission of the Xi Xia. He died on August 18, 1227, just before the Xi Xia were crushed. Genghis Khan (Mongolian: Chinggis Khaan) is famous for building the Mongol Empire the biggest empire in history up to that time. Bukhu Khatagi - was the first son of Alan Gua, conceived after the death of Dobun Mergen, 12. Answer and Explanation: Joseph Stalin had three children, adopted a fourth, and may have had at least two illegitimate. They impinged more violently upon those sedentary peoples who had the habit of recording events in writing, and they affected a greater part of the Eurasian continent and a variety of different societies. He was betrothed to Brte at the age of nine. In the end this extension of nomadic power over the incompatible, sedentary culture of the south brought its own nemesis. The text claims that "from Aug. 18 to Aug. 25, 1227 AD, during Genghis Khan's last campaign against the Western Xia, he felt unwell with a fever," that ultimately killed him within eight days of the first symptoms. Historians have long known that he fathered numerous children with six wives and an untold number of concubines, but the staggering details only came to light in a 2003 study. After becoming the head of his clan, Genghis Khan forged alliances with other clans, exterminated the existing clan nobility, and overpowered enemy tribes such as the Tatars. And Genghis must have cared for the sisters because he often granted their wishes, such as taking in their younger brothers, regardless of the danger of them seeking revenge later. This would suggest that he had sex several times a day. Genghis, known early in his life as Temujin, took his father's game to the next level, claiming at least six Mongolian wives and over 500 concubines. Initially, Genghis Khan used diplomacy to establish trade relations with the Khwarizm Dynasty, a Turkish-dominated empire that included Turkestan, Persia, and Afghanistan. On the return trip home, Yesukhei encountered members of the rival Tatar tribe, who invited him to a conciliatory meal, where he was poisoned for past transgressions against the Tatars. It was divided into many provinces and split apart. When Genghis Khan heard of this affront, he demanded the governor be extradited to him and sent a diplomat to retrieve him. Kebek - Khan of the Golden Horde (14141417). No, Genghis Khan didn't conquer India for the following reasons. Mother Earth is broad and her rivers and waters are numerous. As a teenager he was an outcast fleeing enemies on a mountain in northern Mongolia, an exile, a nobody. His ascent to power in the 13th century signaled the beginning of a period of conquest and expansion that would have a significant impact on the historical trajectory of Central Asia and beyond. Once he was captured by the Taychiut, who, rather than killing him, kept him around their camps, wearing a wooden collar. About 0.5% of men in the world are descendants of Genghis Khan (Razibkhan99). Genghis Khan wasted no time in capitalizing on his divine stature. Borte Chino (Grey Wolf) and his wife was Gua Maral (White Doe), Temujin (Genghis Khan) - Founder and Khagan of the Mongol Empire (12061227), The ruling years of Sasi-Buqa, Erzen and Chimtai may have been as follows: Sasi-Buqa (13091315), Erzen (13151320), Chimtai (13441361), with the gap (13201344) being filled by the ruling years of Mubarak-Khwaja, who has been pointed as Chimtai's uncle, father or brother by some historians. Genghis Khan Mongolian (and world) history changed forever during the rule of Genghis Khan. After three years of intertribal warfare, Kublai was victorious, and he was made Great Khan and emperor of the Yuan Dynasty of China. Determined to unite the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he married outside his own and fathered four sons with a woman named Brte. The Tatar sisters were two of Genghis' most important wives, but the unions only produced one child, Cha'ur, the son of Yesugen. Amazingly, most of the empire's success can be accredited to one man, born as Temujin who later became Khan. . He had at least four official sons and five daughters with his primary wife Brte. With the exception of the saga-like Secret History of the Mongols (1240? Even if we die, let us challenge their boasts. One in 200 men living today are direct descendants of Genghis Khan. In fact, an estimated 16 million men alive today come from a long line of Genghis Khans children. Without the vision of a goal, a man cannot manage his own life, much less the lives of others. Genghis Khan conquered more than twice as much land as any other person in history, bringing Eastern and Western civilizations into contact in the process. Jochi and his son, Batu, took control of modern Russia and formed the Golden Horde. The nomads lost their traditional basis of superioritythat lightning mobility that required little in the way of supply and fodderand were swallowed up by the Chinese they had conquered. He may have been one of the greatest military leaders of all time, and he was both the father of the organization of modern warfare and a role model for many rulers. Finally, Genghis Khan came up with cruel battle tactics to destroy and conquer many cities and take the lives of many people. The Mongols swept through every city's fortifications . History of Genghis Khan - Jacob Abbott 1899 Kublai Khan - John Man 2012-03-31 In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree Kublai Khan lives on in the popular imagination thanks to these two lines of poetry by Coleridge. 471 Words. Going against custom, Temujin put competent allies rather than relatives in key positions and executed the leaders of enemy tribes while incorporating the remaining members into his clan. Downvote for questioning the existing narrative without justification He had at least four official sons and five daughters with Brte. The international group of experts who wrote the 2003 genetic study had one question in mind: How many people are related to Genghis Khan? To find out, they researched 5,000 blood samples collected over a 10-year period from more than 40 populations inhabiting regions within and near the former Mongol empire. Genghis Khan died on August 18, 1227, during a campaign against the Tangut kingdom of Xixia. He generally followed a self-imposed rule that those who surrendered to him were allowed to live. Jochi had at least 16 children of his own, while Chagatai fathered 15. He pressed on with the campaign, but his health never recovered. In other words, Genghis may have been on horseback, but that dude got around. It was found in 16 populations throughout a large region of Asia, stretching from the Pacific to the Caspian Sea, and was present at high frequency: ~8% of the men in this region carry it, and it thus makes up ~0.5% of the world total.. The first images of him appeared after his death. This means Genghis Khan likely only recognized his four sons by his first wife as actual sons. On the way he stopped to ask a young stranger, called Boorchu, if he had seen the horses. According to temi-Hjji, The position of Urus and his brother Tuli-Khwaja in Jochi's family tree is controversial. He was also the brother of Mangu (Mngk), Arik Boke, and Kublai. Legend holds that he came into the world clutching a blood clot in his right hand. Other men in his position might have built themselves elaborate memorials as the pharaohs did in Egypt. He was the first Mongol to rule over China when he conquered the Song Dynasty of southern China in 1279. One night, when they were feasting, Temjin, noticing that he was being ineptly guarded, knocked down the sentry with a blow from his wooden collar and fled. Also included were laws that reflected Mongol respect for the environment such as forbidding bathing in rivers and streams and orders for any soldier following another to pick up anything that the first soldier dropped. Son of the Empire Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan, founder and first ruler of the Mongol Empire, which, at the time of Kublai's birth in Mongolia on September 23, 1215, stretched. This excludes conquered subjects pressed into service as infantry meat shields, though. It wasn't until the end of Khan's life . After ordering the deaths of male survivors taller than three feet and boiling their chiefs alive, Khan made concubines of any women he pleased. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. At a young age, Kublai had a strong interest in Chinese civilization and, throughout his life, did much to incorporate Chinese customs and culture into Mongol rule. Genghis had many wives and he had a huge amount of off springs. Scholars describe the period after the Khwarizm campaign as the Pax Mongolica. If the Persian chronicler of the 14th century, Rashid ad-Din (via "Before the Dawn"), is correct about the staggering number of wives and concubines Genghis Khan had, then he must have had an insane amount of children, and that would explain why he has so many living descendants. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. One legend even dared claim a warrior princess castrated Khan and watched him bleed to death. 3. Genghis Khan started off poor and marginalized, but conquered half the world; Richard II and Edward II were born to the English throne but ended up losing it, dying in prison when their successors . In time, the conquests of Genghis Khan connected the major trade centers of China and Europe. He married at age 16, but had many wives during his lifetime. This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present. This section is divided in a series of sub-sections for better understanding. The nomads needed some of the staple products of the south and coveted its luxuries. 943 Words4 Pages. Duva Sokhor - was the first son of Torogoljin Bayan, 11. During his teenage years, rival clans abducted both. These could be had by trade, by taxing transient caravans, or by armed raids. So, in the end, how many children did Genghis Khan have? In his book, "The Secret History of the Mongol Queens," Jack Weatherford listed six of Genghis' most prominent female heirs as Khojin, Alaqai, Al-Altun, Checheyigen, Tumelun, and Tolai, but added it is likely that not all of them were the children of his senior consort. His murderous Mongol armies were responsible for the massacre of as many as 40 million. The early success of the Mongol army owed much to the brilliant military tactics of Genghis Khan, as well as his understanding of his enemies' motivations. Hachi Hulug - was the son of Menen Tudun, 20. He married at age 16, but had many wives during his lifetime. Genghis Khans children were named Jochi, Chagatai, gedei and Tolui and he would amass countless more. Genghis Khan died in 1227 during a military campaign against the Chinese kingdom of Xi Xia. Every Candidate in the 2024 U.S. Presidential Race, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Genghis Khan, Birth Year: 1162, Birth Country: Mongolia. The history of the Mongol conquests illustrates this analysis perfectly, and it is against this background of political contrasts and tensions that the life of Genghis Khan must be evaluated. Answer (1 of 3): Read a book om Mongol queens and princesses. He killed every man of Zhongdu (modern day Beijing) which was ruled by Jin Empire and burnt down their bodies. The saddlebag was waterproof and could be inflated to serve as a life preserver when crossing deep and swift-moving rivers. Amazon Customer {{ relativeTimeResolver(1636915901584) }} LIVE Points 31. WithBorte, Temujin had four sons and many other children with other wives, as was Mongolian custom. Yehe Nidun - was the son of Sali Hachau, 9.Borjigidai Mergen - was the son of Harchu, and his wife was Mongoljin Gua, 10. This is a clear example that culture plays a very big role in patterns of genetic variation and diversity in human populations, said Wells. The young man gradually began his conquests, and was eventually successful in uniting many of the nomadic tribes. All Rights Reserved. Scholars and historians had previously traced them to Orda's lineage (as sons of Chimtai), but nowadays most of the academics seem to agree that they were Toqa-Temur's descendants (sons of Badik). He was born around 1160 near Lake Baikal, in what today is the Russian side of the Russian-Mongolian border. The beginnings of a legal system, ordered his judgements to be recorded, death penalty was introduced. Similar Questions. However, recent findings, Following the deaths of Jani-Beg's sons, the Batuid lineage came to an end as rulers of the Blue Horde/Golden Horde. When Genghis Khan attacked an enemy Tatar tribe to take revenge for the killing of his father, he ordered that every man who is . The rise of Napoleon, Hitler, and George W. Bush vs. the legacy of Genghis Khan, Stalin and Mao Zedong exposes the larger systems' blueprint of history we should not repeat. And though this ruthless warrior king left countless bloody battlefields in his wake, he also left behind an astonishing legacy of procreation. This act released a fury that would sweep through central Asia and into eastern Europe. B. Sumiyabaatar, "The Genealogy of the Mongols", 720 P, 2003, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 06:16. In 1178 Temujin married Borte, with whom he would have four sons and an unknown number of daughters. A mere 1.5 (that is, 3 children with 50% men) to the power of 50 gives you more than 630 million people (and Genghis Khan is said to have fathered many more children than that). When he was nine, his father Yesgei was poisoned and Temjin was held captive by his former supporters. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In the end, impassioned scientists and historians alike continue to ponder just how many people are related to Genghis Khan. The number of women who were impregnated by Genghis Khan is unknown but is estimated to be in the hundreds or thousands. At other times the Chinese would have to play off one set of barbarians against another, transferring their support and juggling their alliances so as to prevent any one tribe from becoming too strong. He then turned his attention toward the settled peoples beyond the borders of his nomadic realm and began the series of campaigns of plunder and conquest that eventually carried the Mongol armies as far as the Adriatic Sea in one direction and the Pacific coast of China in the other, leading to the establishment of the great Mongol Empire. One Arab historian openly expressed his horror at the recollection of them. Negun Taiji - was the second son of Bartan Baghatur, 21. The "Great Khan" and ruler of the medieval Mongolian Empire lived from approximately 1162-1227. Did you know? Genghis lived twice as long as poop Alexander. In early 1227 a horse threw Genghis Khan to the ground, causing internal injuries. Introduction. The cause of his death remains unknown and has been attributed to being slain in battle, illness, falling from a horse. So how many children sprang forth from this fecund general's loins? An historical genetics study concluded in 2003 showed that as many as 16 million living men were likely direct-line descendants of Genghis Khan. At 20, he began building a large army with the intent to destroy individual tribes in Northeast Asia and unite them under his rule. The second part is based on the work of several different scholars and historians (especially Rashid al-Din Hamadani), which are, in most cases, incomplete and even conflicting. The cycle would then be resumed; a powerful China would reemerge, and disarray and petty squabbling among ephemeral chieftains would be the new pattern of life among the nomads. He had at least four official sons and five daughters with his primary wife Brte. When he was 9, Khans father was killed by a rival. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The exact cause of his death is unknown. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. However, only his male children with Borte qualified for succession in the family. Semsochule - was the second son of Tumbinai Setsen, 20. He set out to destroy traditional divisions among the various tribes and unite the Mongols under his rule. Khagans (Great Khans who were rulers of the whole empire[1]) are in bold. The Leadership Secrets of Genghis Khan - John Man 2010-10-31 Genghis Khan is history's greatest conqueror. The sultan there had agreed to a trade treaty, but when the first caravan arrived its goods were stolen and its merchants were killed. Omissions? Gradually, his half-brother began to claim his spot as the head of the family, a fact Khan resented. Since it doesnt undergo standard recombination like other parts of the human genome and is always passed on from father to son, it typically stays unchanged. At one point, he was captured and enslaved by the clan that had abandoned him, but he was eventually able to escape. How did Genghis use the Chinese? Two anecdotes illustrate both Temjins straitened circumstances and, more significantly, the power he already had of attracting supporters through sheer force of personality. From 1211 to 1214, the outnumbered Mongols ravaged the countryside and sent refugees pouring into the cities. These four Mongolian heirs Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, and Tolu inherited the Khan name, even if hundreds of others may have inherited the Khan DNA. Only one population outside the former borders of his empire yielded traces of his lineage the Persian-speaking Hazaras ethnic group of Afghanistan and Pakistan. On the other hand, his inferior position forbade Klgen from ever ruling any part of the empire. He liked them with small noses, rounded hips, long silky hairs, red lips, and sweet-sounding voices. Developed by Genghis Khan, the code was based on Mongol common law but contained edicts that prohibited blood feuds, adultery, theft and bearing false witness. Following the death of Chimtai, the Ordaid lineage came to an end as rulers of the White Horde. History 1 Answer ANSWER . The legend says that during the night before the decisive battle in 1227, Genghis had a dream of red blood on white snow. Genghis Khan (whose adopted name means "Universal Ruler" in Altaic, his native tongue) was something of a populist conqueror. Kublai distinguished himself by increasing agricultural production and expanding Mongol territory. The Rise Of Genghis Khan, The Fearsome Mongol Conqueror Born "Temjin" in 1162 A.D. during a period of immense conflict among Mongolian tribes, Genghis Khan came from a long line of warriors and was christened after a Tatar chieftain that his father had captured. According to Mongolian law at the time, rulers had to derive from a Golden Lineage. He was also the common ancestor of many Asian ruling families which includes the Kublaids of China, the Jochids of the Golden Horde, Hulaguids of Persia, and the Mughals.
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