Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Son of Aksha. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. He erected a monument at. Request Permissions. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Jonaraja Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Hiranya died childless. The Journal of Asian Studies (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? After ruling indirectly and directly. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Subscribe here. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Son of Partha. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Gave lands to Brahmins. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. Abstract. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs section. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. He subdued several enemies. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The relative It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [citation needed]. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. This quarterly has been published regularly since Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. all exact any . Rajatarangini belongs. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Verse 12. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. . Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Nephew of Didda. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. field of Asian Studies. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. Sussala's son. Kalhana was a poet. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Verse 7. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Total loading time: 0 Became queen after the death of all male heirs. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. The Loharas ruled for many generations. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. translator of the Rajataragini. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Verse 15. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? it was brilliantly prepared for the work. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review . Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples.